The elephant, a magnificent creature with roots in prehistoric times, is found abundantly in India and is worshipped as Lord Ganesha, the elephant-headed deity of Indian mythology. Unfortunately, while elephants in some parts of the world are tragically hunted for their tusks, Indian elephants face increasing additional threats primarily due to habitat encroachment caused by human activities. In Eastern India—a region known for its rich biodiversity and dense human population—the conflict between humans and elephants has become a pressing issue.
Eastern India is home to a significant population of Asian elephants, found primarily in the states of Assam, Jharkhand, Odisha, Chattisgarh and West Bengal. The plateaus are rich in forest cover and natural resources, making them attractive for both wildlife and human settlers. However, the rapid expansion of agriculture, urbanization, and infrastructure development has led to habitat fragmentation and loss, forcing elephants to enter human-inhabited areas.
As winter and harvest seasons approach, elephants venture into the forest-adjacent villages, destroying paddy fields, various crops, and the mud huts of residents. To protect their livelihoods, marginal farmers and hut dwellers go toe-to-toe with these giants armed with bows and arrows, firecrackers, kerosene lamps, stones, and anything else they can find. Unfortunately, their efforts often fail, resulting in tragic casualties on both sides.
At least 433 people have been killed by elephants across West Bengal between April 2014 and September 2019. In Odisha, Jharkhand and Chattisgarh, the death toll was 447, 391 and 329 respectively during this period. When it comes to unnatural deaths of elephants, the country recorded 490 deaths in the same period (2014-15 to 2018-19). Of these, 259 (53%) occurred in these three States alone.As climate change exacerbates drought conditions and reduces water availability, elephants are forced to seek water in human settlements. This search for water can result in conflicts, particularly during the dry season when resources are limited. The construction of roads, railways, and urban areas disrupt traditional elephant migratory routes. This fragmentation not only increases the likelihood of human-elephant encounters but also poses dangers to elephants attempting to cross these barriers.
Human-elephant conflict in India presents a complex challenge that requires immediate attention and action. The future of both elephants and human communities hinges on finding a balance that respects the ecological significance of elephants while addressing the legitimate concerns of local populations. Through education, innovative solutions, and collaborative efforts, it is possible to foster a harmonious coexistence that honours the rich cultural heritage and biodiversity of this unique region. The time to act is now, as the survival of both species depends on our ability to navigate this intricate web of conflict and cooperation.
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